- Electricity bills consist of the base kWh price, ODE surcharge (0 cent in 2023), energy tax (12.599 cents/kWh in 2023), and VAT (21% in 2023), plus fixed charges like energy tax rebate (€493.27 in 2023) and network costs.
- Three parties are involved: the government, network operators (e.g., Stedin, Liander), and electricity suppliers (e.g., Eneco, Vattenfall), with all costs/tax rebates billed through the supplier.
- The energy tax rebate effectively covers tax and ODE for households using less than 10,000 kWh/year; total kWh price can then be calculated as 1.21 times the base price in 2023.
- Base tariffs vary widely among suppliers; dynamic or hourly tariffs based on day-ahead market prices (from EPEX/ENTSO-E) offer potential savings for flexible usage like charging electric cars.
- Net metering for solar panels under standard contracts is being phased out due to high costs for suppliers, while dynamic pricing reduces solar earnings by about 10.5 cents/kWh due to lower daytime prices.
- In 2023, ODE was removed, energy tax increased, and VAT returned to 21%; energy tax rebate was reduced; price cap details are tracked on sites like gaslicht.com.