Pan-pathogen vaccine approaches: Toward broad-spectrum immunity in a One Health era - PubMed

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Pan-pathogen vaccines aim to provide broad-spectrum immunity across multiple pathogens, addressing limitations of traditional pathogen-specific vaccines in responding to emerging infectious diseases.
The review integrates the One Health framework, emphasizing human, animal, and environmental health, and covers vaccine development from epitope discovery to advanced platforms like mRNA and nanoparticles.
Key strategies include using comparative genomics and immunoinformatics to identify conserved epitopes, and mechanisms involve T cells, broadly neutralizing antibodies, mucosal responses, and trained innate immunity.
Preclinical and clinical advances target viruses like influenza and coronaviruses, as well as bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens, with discussions on ethical and regulatory considerations for equitable distribution.
Challenges include antigenic variability, immune imprinting, safety concerns, and clinical validation, with future directions integrating AI, systems biology, and synthetic vaccinology for pandemic preparedness.

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