'Complex numbers are not needed for quantum mechanics'

5 hours ago

Physicists have developed a quantum mechanics model that uses only real numbers, challenging the long-held belief that complex numbers are essential.
The model matches all predictions of standard quantum mechanics, resolving a debate over whether complex numbers are fundamental or just a convenience.
Previous research in 2021 suggested real-number quantum mechanics would fail in experiments with multiple particles, but this was based on the tensor product rule.
The new study replaces the tensor product with a different rule that ensures actions on one part of a system do not affect separate parts, using flags to track information.
Complex numbers are treated as pairs of real numbers with a bookkeeping system, allowing the real-number version to replicate phase kickback and other quantum effects.
The work does not change experimental predictions or enable new technology but settles a theoretical debate, similar to how complex numbers are used in other physics theories like electromagnetism.
The model is currently limited to finite-dimensional systems; extending it to infinite dimensions is a next step, while the authors move to other research areas like entanglement.

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