Deconstructing cancer in 3D: models, mechanisms, and personalized solutions - PubMed

5 hours ago

3D cancer models like patient-derived organoids (PDOs) better mimic tumor structure and patient heterogeneity than traditional 2D cultures or xenografts.
These models, including spheroids, organ-on-a-chip, and 3D bioprinting, are used for functional precision medicine, drug screening, and studying therapy resistance.
Integration with single-cell omics, CRISPR, and AI is advancing predictive oncology, though challenges in standardization and tumor microenvironment integration remain.

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