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Extrusion fountains are hallmarks of chromosome organization emerging upon zygotic genome activation - PubMed

6 days ago
  • #cohesin loading
  • #chromosome organization
  • #zygotic genome activation
  • Extrusion fountains are key elements of chromosome organization that emerge during zygotic genome activation (ZGA).
  • These fountains form early in development, initially accumulating cohesin at enhancers before redistributing to CTCF sites at TAD borders.
  • Pioneer transcription factors driving ZGA enhancers are essential for fountain formation, linking enhancer activation to chromosome folding.
  • Polymer simulations suggest fountains arise from facilitated cohesin loading, requiring desynchronized loop extrusion, possibly due to cohesin collisions or internal switching.
  • Fountains are enhancer-specific and observed in mouse cells, reappearing post-mitosis with cohesin loading, indicating a widespread phenomenon of facilitated loading at enhancers.