Recent advances in stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for the treatment of acute kidney injury - PubMed
4 hours ago
- #Acute kidney injury
- #Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials
- #Targeted therapy
- Acute kidney injury (AKI) is triggered by various insults like ischemia-reperfusion, sepsis, and drug toxicity.
- AKI evolves through shared pathways: early microcirculatory dysfunction, mitochondrial injury, ROS and H₂O₂ amplification.
- Oxidative stress and inflammation lead to cell death, barrier breakdown, and tubular obstruction.
- Without intervention, AKI can progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to fibrosis.
- Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials use signals like ROS, pH, hypoxia, enzymes, and ultrasound for targeted therapy.
- Designs include ROS-responsive systems, H₂O₂-activatable gas-releasing and nanozyme approaches, pH-responsive release.
- Multi-stimulus systems combine tissue-level triggers with organelle-level unlocking for precision.
- Challenges include safety, biodegradability, dose windows, AKI stratification, evaluation, and manufacturing consistency.