A meta-analysis of smoking and fracture risk to update the FRAX® tool - PubMed
5 hours ago
- #FRAX
- #fracture-risk
- #smoking
- Current smoking is confirmed as a significant BMD-independent predictor of future fracture, with a stronger relationship in men than in women.
- Past smoking is associated with a significantly lower risk of fracture compared to current smoking, suggesting a reversible effect of smoking on fracture risk.
- The meta-analysis included 1,691,024 participants from 58 international cohort studies, with 61.2% women and an overall mean age of 58.8 years.
- Current smoking was documented in 12.1% of participants (15.2% in men and 10.1% in women) and was associated with increased risks of any clinical fracture, osteoporotic fracture, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture in both sexes.
- The hazard ratio (HR) for fracture was greater in men than in women across all fracture categories, with low BMD explaining about 19-54% of the increased risk.
- The findings will be used to update future iterations of the FRAX tool, which assesses fracture risk.