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Adaptive evolution of gene regulatory networks in mammalian neocortex - PubMed
a month ago
- Mammals have evolved a more complex brain with a multilayered cerebral neocortex, unlike reptiles and birds which have a single-layered or pseudolayered organization.
- The study identifies mammalian-specific cis-regulatory elements (CREs) associated with gene regulatory networks in excitatory projection neurons (ExNs).
- ZBTB18, a transcription factor, plays a crucial role in defining ExN subtypes and connectivity, with implications in intellectual disability and autism.
- Deletion of Zbtb18 in mice leads to dysregulation of target genes, reduced molecular diversity, and altered brain projections resembling non-mammalian brains.
- ZBTB18 binding motifs are highly conserved in mammals and are enriched in CREs associated with callosally projecting ExNs.
Bidirectional regulation of social memory by two distinct types of GABAergic neurons in the lateral septum - PubMed
a month ago
- Two distinct types of GABAergic neurons in the lateral septum (LS) regulate social memory bidirectionally.
- Somatostatin (SST) expressing neurons enhance social memory acquisition, while calbindin 1 (CB) expressing neurons inhibit it.
- Optogenetic manipulation of SST+ neurons affects theta oscillations, which correlates with their impact on social memory.
- SST+ neurons in the dorsal LS (dLS) and CB+ neurons in the ventral LS (vLS) receive stronger inputs from different parts of the hippocampus (vCA1d and vCA1v, respectively).
- The vCA1d→SST+-dLS→lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) circuit promotes social memory acquisition.
- The vCA1v→CB+-vLS→anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN) pathway suppresses social memory.
- The study provides insights into the neural circuits underlying dynamic regulation of social memory in male mice.
The Fd4 transcription factor translates transient spatial cues in progenitors into long-term lineage identity - PubMed
a month ago
- The Fd4 transcription factor translates transient spatial cues into long-term lineage identity in neural progenitors.
- Fd4 is exclusively expressed in a single neuroblast (NB7-1) and its progeny, maintaining lineage-specific neuron production.
- Fd4 is required for the expression of terminal selector genes that define neuronal identity.
- Misexpression of Fd4 can redirect other progenitors to produce NB7-1 lineage-specific neurons.
- Fd4 acts as a 'lineage identity gene', bridging transient spatial signals to long-term cellular memory.
- The findings have potential implications for regenerative therapies targeting neuron replacement.
Climbing fibres recruit disinhibition to enhance Purkinje cell calcium signals - PubMed
a month ago
- Climbing fibres (CFs) enhance Purkinje cell (PC) calcium signals by recruiting disinhibition.
- CFs activate molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), which can inhibit PCs but also disinhibit them via MLI subtypes (MLI1s and MLI2s).
- MLI1s inhibit PCs and suppress plasticity, while MLI2s inhibit MLI1s, disinhibiting PCs and promoting plasticity.
- CFs preferentially excite MLI2s through glutamate spillover, leading to disinhibition of PCs.
- In vivo recordings show spontaneous CF activity excites MLI2s, inhibits MLI1s, and disinhibits PCs.
- Learning-related sensory stimulation shifts the balance towards MLI1 suppression, enhancing PC dendritic calcium signals for plasticity.
- CF synchrony is highly effective at inducing cerebellar learning by enhancing PC calcium signals via disinhibition.
Profiling presynaptic scaffolds using split-GFP reconstitution reveals cell-type-specific spatial configurations in the fly brain - PubMed
a month ago
- Characterization of synapse heterogeneity aids in understanding neuronal circuits.
- Split-GFP reconstitution visualized endogenous Bruchpilot (Brp) in a cell-type-specific manner.
- High-throughput quantification pipeline profiled AZ structures in mushroom body circuit neurons.
- Quantitative analysis revealed cell-type-dependent synaptic heterogeneity and stereotypy.
- Discovered sub-compartmental synapse configuration and transient structural plasticity from associative learning.
- Profiles show multilayered spatial configurations of AZs, from overall distribution to local arrangements.
An intralayer microcircuit in the temporal association cortex underlies sensory-induced escape in mice - PubMed
a month ago
- The study identifies the temporal association cortex (TeA) as a critical hub for sensory-induced escape behavior in mice.
- Three distinct neuron subtypes within TeA layer 5 (L5) CaMKII neurons were characterized: sensory-motor decision neurons (IT), motor command neurons (PT), and sensory neurons.
- A laminar IT-PT microcircuit converts sensory input into decisions and commands for escape locomotion.
- The research utilized in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, and chemogenetics to analyze neural circuits.
- Findings contribute to understanding how neural circuits translate sensory input into adaptive behaviors.
A population approach to cortical GABAergic interneuron function - PubMed
a month ago
- The IN-CODE consortium aims to study cortical GABAergic interneuron diversity.
- Large-scale recordings of interneuron types will be combined with machine-learning tools.
- The study focuses on physiological features, connectivity motifs, and cooperativity in cognitive functions.
- All authors declare no competing interests.
Pain across time - PubMed
a month ago
- Two brain circuits facilitate the interaction between chronic pain and time.
- Comment on 'Hypothalamic clock governs circadian pain' from Science 2026.
- DOI: 10.1126/science.aeg1907 and PMID: 41855347 provided for reference.
Brain's protective barrier stays leaky for years after playing contact sports - PubMed
a month ago
- The brain's protective barrier remains leaky for years after playing contact sports.
- This finding is based on research published in Science Translational Medicine (DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00885-2).
- The study suggests long-term effects on brain health from contact sports participation.
Parvalbumin-positive neurons in the medial septum participate in the formation of hippocampal-dependent spatial memory - PubMed
a month ago
- Parvalbumin-positive neurons in the medial septum are involved in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory formation.
- Acute sleep deprivation in male mice was used to create an object-place recognition impairment model.
- These neurons regulate object-location memory specificity during encoding by influencing hippocampal place cell activity.
- In vivo electrophysiology and optogenetics revealed their role in object-place recognition during memory encoding.
- Activation of medial septal parvalbumin-positive neurons can rescue object-place recognition impairments.
- The study suggests a causal role for these neurons in object-place recognition memory.
Social status impacts T-cell responses through synapse strength in the prefrontal cortex - PubMed
a month ago
- Social status affects immune system responses, particularly T-cell activity.
- Second-ranked male mice in social groups showed superior T-cell responses upon vaccination.
- Enhanced T-cell responses in second-ranked mice depend on synaptic communication in the brain.
- The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) plays a key role in social hierarchy and immune response.
- Increasing dmPFC synapse strength or neuron activity boosts antigen-specific T-cell percentages post-vaccination.
- Findings reveal a causal link between dmPFC activity and peripheral immune system function.
- Research highlights the health impacts of social inequality through neural-immune interactions.
How Salient Sensory Stimuli Induce Brain-Wide State Alterations - PubMed
a month ago
- The brain dynamically adjusts its internal states in response to environmental changes, facilitating sensory perception to behavioral output.
- Arousal is identified as a key, quantifiable dimension of brain state, categorized into general arousal and behavior-relevant specific arousal.
- Salient sensory stimuli rapidly induce state transitions in the brain to promote adaptive behavior.
- Conserved features across subcortical sensory systems are examined, providing insights into how these systems link sensory input to arousal levels.
- The framework presented aids in understanding behavioral flexibility and sensory consciousness, offering a unified interpretation of diverse research findings.
Functional Ultrasound Imaging-Based Mapping of Cocaine Induced Neural Changes in Awake Mice - PubMed
a month ago
- Cocaine is a commonly used addictive drug with significant medical consequences.
- The study used functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) to map neural changes in awake mice after cocaine exposure.
- Cerebral blood volume (CBV) was measured as an indicator of neuronal activity.
- Acute cocaine exposure increased cortical CBV, indicating heightened neuronal activation.
- Functional connectivity (FC) between the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus was significantly reduced.
- A Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier successfully distinguished between baseline and cocaine-exposed states using FC patterns.
- The study highlights the potential of combining neuroimaging and AI for understanding substance use disorders.
- Future research should explore chronic exposure models and include both sexes for better translational relevance.
Aversive learning hijacks a brain sugar sensor to consolidate memory - PubMed
a month ago
- Aversive learning hijacks a brain sugar sensor to consolidate memory in Drosophila.
- Fructose-sensing neurons in the brain are involved in memory consolidation, both in fasted and fed flies.
- Spaced repetition of learning sessions induces a fasted state in fructose-sensing neurons, enabling memory consolidation.
- Post-learning sugar ingestion activates these neurons, triggering memory consolidation via thyrostimulin release.
- This mechanism also leads to non-homeostatic hunger, increasing sucrose preference and intake, akin to emotional eating.
Paradoxical role of the mesocorticolimbic Netrin1-DCC pathway in social competition and vulnerability to methamphetamine abuse during adolescence - PubMed
a month ago
- Social competition influences neural development and behavior during adolescence.
- Lower-ranking rodents in social hierarchies are more vulnerable to drug abuse.
- The mesocorticolimbic netrin-1/DCC/UNC5 pathway in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a key role in social competition effects.
- Mice with a DCC gene knockout in dopamine neurons achieved higher social rank but showed increased drug-seeking behaviors.
- Ectopic mesolimbic dopamine fibers in DCC knockout mice enhanced risk-taking behavior in winners.
- The study highlights a molecular mechanism linking social competition to adolescent brain development and drug susceptibility.
Functional hierarchy of the human neocortex across the lifespan - PubMed
a month ago
- Functional connectivity in the neocortex is organized by large-scale gradients that link brain topography to cognition.
- Three main axes in adults: sensory-association, visual-somatosensory, and modulation-representation, running from primary sensory to transmodal areas, visual to body-centered systems, and control to default mode networks.
- These gradients describe cortical hierarchies and information processing, but their lifespan evolution was previously unknown.
- A normative reference from birth to age 100 shows nonlinear trajectories: anchored by primary sensory in infancy, differentiating along association and control axes in childhood/adolescence, and dedifferentiating with aging.
- Gradient metrics predict cognitive performance, structure-function coupling varies by axis and age, and transcriptomic signatures are strong early but weaken with age, indicating a transient genetic scaffold.

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#neuroscience

Adaptive evolution of gene regulatory networks in mammalian neocortex - PubMed

Bidirectional regulation of social memory by two distinct types of GABAergic neurons in the lateral septum - PubMed

The Fd4 transcription factor translates transient spatial cues in progenitors into long-term lineage identity - PubMed

Climbing fibres recruit disinhibition to enhance Purkinje cell calcium signals - PubMed

Profiling presynaptic scaffolds using split-GFP reconstitution reveals cell-type-specific spatial configurations in the fly brain - PubMed

An intralayer microcircuit in the temporal association cortex underlies sensory-induced escape in mice - PubMed

A population approach to cortical GABAergic interneuron function - PubMed

Pain across time - PubMed

Brain's protective barrier stays leaky for years after playing contact sports - PubMed

Parvalbumin-positive neurons in the medial septum participate in the formation of hippocampal-dependent spatial memory - PubMed

Social status impacts T-cell responses through synapse strength in the prefrontal cortex - PubMed

How Salient Sensory Stimuli Induce Brain-Wide State Alterations - PubMed

Functional Ultrasound Imaging-Based Mapping of Cocaine Induced Neural Changes in Awake Mice - PubMed

Aversive learning hijacks a brain sugar sensor to consolidate memory - PubMed

Paradoxical role of the mesocorticolimbic Netrin1-DCC pathway in social competition and vulnerability to methamphetamine abuse during adolescence - PubMed

Functional hierarchy of the human neocortex across the lifespan - PubMed