Hormone deficiency and cardiovascular disease: clinical impact, treatment strategies and prognostic prediction - PubMed
3 hours ago
- #prognostic prediction
- #hormone deficiency
- #cardiovascular disease
- Hormone deficiencies across pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and gonadal axes contribute to cardiovascular disease, increasing morbidity and mortality.
- Key deficiencies discussed include hypopituitarism, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and hypogonadism, with specific cardiovascular phenotypes and pathophysiological mechanisms.
- Hormone replacement therapies are reviewed, but patients often retain excess cardiovascular risk not captured by conventional prediction models.
- Expert opinion calls for endocrine-adapted risk stratification, individualized replacement strategies, and AI-based tools to improve prognostic prediction.
- A literature search (2000-2025) emphasized systematic reviews, meta-analyses, large observational studies, and clinical trials, noting a lack of dedicated cardiovascular outcome trials in endocrine populations.