Effective learning: Twenty rules of formulating knowledge (1999)
9 days ago
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- Understanding is crucial before memorizing; learning without comprehension is ineffective.
- Build a coherent knowledge structure before memorizing individual facts to enhance learning efficiency.
- Start with basics and simple models to facilitate comprehension and retention.
- Adhere to the minimum information principle by simplifying knowledge into small, manageable units.
- Use cloze deletion for effective memorization, especially for beginners.
- Incorporate imagery to leverage the brain's superior visual processing capabilities.
- Apply mnemonic techniques to simplify memorization of complex information.
- Graphic deletion can be as effective as cloze deletion for visual subjects like anatomy and geography.
- Avoid learning sets directly; convert them into enumerations for better memorability.
- Minimize the use of enumerations; employ cloze deletions when necessary.
- Prevent memory interference by making items unambiguous and distinct.
- Optimize wording to ensure clarity and speed up the learning process.
- Link new knowledge to existing memories to strengthen retention and reduce interference.
- Personalize examples to make abstract information more relatable and memorable.
- Utilize emotional states to enhance memory recall through vivid or shocking associations.
- Use context cues to simplify item wording and focus the brain on relevant information.
- Embrace redundancy wisely to reinforce learning without violating the minimum information principle.
- Include sources to verify knowledge reliability and facilitate updates.
- Date stamp volatile knowledge to track its relevance and accuracy over time.
- Prioritize learning materials based on importance and relevance to optimize study time.