Frailty as a Risk-Enhancing Factor Across the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Framework: Findings from the UK Biobank - PubMed
4 hours ago
- #CKM Framework
- #Frailty
- #Cardiovascular Disease
- Frailty is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk within the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) framework.
- The study included 408,163 UK Biobank participants without baseline CVD, assessing frailty using the Fried frailty phenotype.
- Over a median follow-up of 15.1 years, 61,766 participants developed CVD, with higher incidence in frail and pre-frail individuals.
- Pre-frailty and frailty were linked to higher CVD risk (HR 1.24 and HR 1.85, respectively) compared to robust individuals.
- The association between frailty and CVD was consistent across all CKM stages, including early-stage CKM health.
- Frailty serves as a complementary, risk-enhancing factor within the CKM framework, capturing additional cardiovascular vulnerability.