Dose-Response Relationships in Transcranial Brain Stimulation: Physics, Physiology and Mechanism - PubMed

3 days ago

Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation methods (tES, TMS, tFUS, ECT) have grown significantly in use over the past two decades.
Dose-response relationships in brain stimulation are complex, influenced by brain state, anatomical variability, and neurophysiological mechanisms.
No consensus exists on standards for estimating and reporting stimulation doses or defining dose-response relationships.
Key areas discussed include factors influencing delivered dose, quantification of received dose, physiological responses, and dose-response relationships.
Challenges and solutions are outlined based on human and animal studies (in silico, in vitro, in vivo).
The paper promotes rigorous methodologies and transparent reporting to improve reproducibility, safety, and efficacy in research and clinical applications.

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