The roles of folate, MTHFR genetics, vitamin B12 in pregnancy outcomes - PubMed
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- Folate is essential for fetal development and prevents neural tube defects when supplemented periconceptionally.
- The role of folic acid (FA) in other pregnancy outcomes like gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, fetal growth, miscarriage, and preterm birth is inconsistent.
- FA effects vary based on timing, dose, and duration, often showing U-shaped or timing-dependent relationships.
- MTHFR genetic polymorphisms and vitamin B12 levels significantly influence folate metabolism and pregnancy outcomes.
- No established optimal threshold for circulating folate levels exists to balance prevention of different complications.
- Potential biological mechanisms include hyperhomocysteinemia, DNA methylation changes, folate receptor antibodies (FRAbs), and anti-inflammatory effects of folate.
- Future precision nutrition strategies may consider individual folate levels, MTHFR genetics, and vitamin B12 status.