Insomnia disorder - PubMed

3 hours ago

Insomnia disorder (ID) causes night-time symptoms like difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and early morning awakenings, along with daytime symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive impairments, and mood disturbances.
The prevalence of ID in adults is high (10-16%), making it a substantial burden for individuals and society, and it is an independent risk factor for other mental and physical health conditions.
Diagnosis is based on self-report due to the absence of a reliable biomarker, with aetiology understood through genetic, cognitive behavioural, and psychophysiological approaches.
Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is recommended as the first-line treatment, with digital CBT-I offering scalable solutions to improve accessibility, though implementation remains limited.
Hypnotic medications are generally recommended only for short-term use due to limited efficacy and potential adverse effects, highlighting the need for better interventions and treatment refinements.

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