Single-cell analysis reveals immune remodeling of monocytes, NK cells, T cell exhaustion, and Galectin-9-associated depletion of gamma delta and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in Long COVID with
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- #ME/CFS
- #Long COVID
- #Immune Remodeling
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals immune remodeling in Long COVID with ME/CFS.
- Key findings include reduction in naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells, MAIT cells, and γδ T cells.
- NK cells showed reduced frequency and altered activation-associated transcriptional factors.
- B cells in LC patients exhibited heightened activation, while plasma cells expressed NK-associated genes.
- Platelets and low-density neutrophils were expanded with activated-related transcripts.
- Monocyte subsets showed reduced phagocytosis-associated genes and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine-related genes.
- Idiopathic ME/CFS patients showed less pronounced immune alterations compared to LC-ME/CFS.
- Galectin-9-TIM-3 interaction identified as a potential pathway driving γδ and MAIT cell depletion in LC.
- Findings suggest chronic immune activation and dysregulation in LC-ME/CFS, distinct from idiopathic ME/CFS.