The UN states the world will not meet its climate goals, and despite efforts in the Netherlands, CO₂ reduction is insufficient due to de-industrialization shifting emissions elsewhere.
An artificial cooling solution involving injecting sulfur into the stratosphere was proposed in the 1960s and proven effective after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which temporarily lowered global temperatures.
Geo-engineering remains controversial, with concerns that it may sabotage progressive climate policy, but experts like Gernot Wagner argue that it is a matter of when, not if, such measures will be used as a last resort.
Severe droughts in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age collapse resulted from the alignment of multiple natural climate cycles operating over different timescales.
A gradual drying trend over millennia, driven by Earth's orbital changes, combined with shorter-term fluctuations from the Atlantic Ocean and atmosphere to push the region beyond a critical hydroclimatic threshold.
The findings are relevant today, as future drought risk in the Mediterranean may depend on both human-driven warming and natural Atlantic variability interacting with long-term trends.
Satellite images show a massive chunk of sea ice in West Antarctica, roughly the size of Montana, has not refrozen after a winter heatwave, marking a dramatic change.
Antarctic sea ice has entered a reduced state since 2015, with sea ice levels in West Antarctica about 50% lower than average this year.
The lack of refreezing could contribute to global sea level rise, as the West Antarctica Ice Sheet collapse could raise sea levels by over 10 feet.
June 2025 saw record-low sea ice levels in the region, with 12.6 million square kilometers of Antarctic sea ice, 1.3 million square kilometers below the 1991-2020 average.
Contributing factors include strengthening westerly winds linked to climate change and a low-pressure anomaly causing warm air to prevent sea ice formation.
The heat wave creates a feedback loop, as the lack of reflective white ice surface allows the area to stay warmer, further hindering refreezing.
Glaciologists are closely monitoring the western Antarctic shelf, particularly Thwaites Glacier, which already contributes to 4% of global sea level rise and is accelerating in deterioration.