- In 2025, significant progress was made in convincing stakeholders that Europe must reduce dependency on US cloud providers, but practical action remains lacking.
- Governments and enterprises are bound to US clouds, with little incentive to change; IT procurement is disconnected from political policies.
- European cloud providers are not offering competitive alternatives to AWS/Azure/Google; they focus on lower-end services.
- The EuroStack initiative has been effective in raising awareness, but buyers and sellers are not moving.
- The financial industry, regulated under DORA, may be forced to diversify cloud dependencies, potentially leading the way for governments.
- No regret steps include regaining technical skills, reforming procurement, funding foundational software, and establishing digital commons services.
- A broad coalition and long-term effort are needed to achieve meaningful change.