- Marx's analysis of capitalism is based on contradictions, a concept absent in bourgeois economics, which prevents mainstream economics from fully understanding capital.
- The contradiction between micro and macro levels is central: individual capitalists' profit-maximizing actions lead to systemic issues like falling profit rates, which bourgeois institutions struggle to manage.
- Marx's method uses historical materialism and dialectics to view capital as an evolving, organic totality, where economic concepts are interrelated and change over time.
- Value, defined as socially necessary labor time, evolves with capital's development, and overproduction (anti-value) is a key contradiction in advanced capitalism.