- The UN states the world will not meet its climate goals, and despite efforts in the Netherlands, CO₂ reduction is insufficient due to de-industrialization shifting emissions elsewhere.
- An artificial cooling solution involving injecting sulfur into the stratosphere was proposed in the 1960s and proven effective after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which temporarily lowered global temperatures.
- Geo-engineering remains controversial, with concerns that it may sabotage progressive climate policy, but experts like Gernot Wagner argue that it is a matter of when, not if, such measures will be used as a last resort.