- Consuming up to 400 mg of caffeine per day (about 5 cups of coffee) is generally safe for most adults and may lower risks of heart disease, stroke, and heart failure.
- High caffeine doses from energy drinks (shots) can increase risks of high blood pressure and irregular heart rhythms.
- Coffee's health benefits may come from bioactive compounds, but adding sugar, milk, or cream can reduce these benefits.
- Caffeine effects vary by individual due to genetics, metabolism, age, and tolerance, so personalized intake is recommended.
- More research is needed on different caffeine sources and their specific impacts on cardiovascular health.