- mRNA sequences of some vaccines are publicly available, but there is no technology to directly 'print' mRNA.
- Producing mRNA requires complex biological processes involving bacteria and viral enzymes, plus filtration to remove harmful double-stranded RNA.
- mRNA must be packaged in specially designed lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), with specific lipids and proprietary mixing techniques.
- Multiple quality control steps are needed to ensure code correctness, capping, concentration, and sterility.
- All production must occur in a fully sterile environment to avoid contamination.
- While future automation might simplify some steps, currently printing safe mRNA vaccines at home is impossible.